A note on …

by Andy Varvel

Note: This guide is from an Australian perspective – check latest information & supplement with your own research!

Kruger National Park in South Africa is one of Africa’s largest national parks and is home to the Big Five (and plenty more). What makes Kruger and the Greater Kruger region special is the flexibility – you can self-drive, join guided game drives, or head out on multi-day walking trails; stay in simple huts or splash out at private lodges. There’s something for almost every budget. It’s also one of the few major parks designed for self-drive, with extensive tar and gravel roads and well-serviced, fenced camps – making an independent safari safe and straightforward.

Flying to South Africa

Kruger National Park is easily accessible via car from Johannesburg or via direct flights to several airports in and close to the park from Johannesburg or Cape Town.

If you're flying internationally from Australia

  • Qantas – Fly direct from Sydney to Johannesburg on an Airbus A380.
    • Depending on the winds, sometimes the flight goes over Antarctica, so try to sit on the left on the way there and on the right on the way back. The flight arrives late afternoon in Johannesburg, so you’ll need to overnight in Johannesburg to connect with the flights to Kruger National Park or make the 4-5 hour drive to Kruger National Park.
    • You can stay overnight at Hotel InterContinental ($400+ AUD) or City Lodge Hotel ($120 AUD), both directly connected to the airport – it's safe and a very short walk.
  • Singapore Air – Fly via Singapore – a bit longer, but has a few other advantages.
    • Singapore leg is SIN > JNB > CPT – so if you want to visit Cape Town, you can fly Singapore to Johannesburg and then back from Cape Town on a single ticket.
    • Arrives early (~7am) into Johannesburg, perfect for a domestic flight to Kruger or a drive through to Kruger National Park.

Getting to the park

There are several options to get to Kruger.

  • Fly to a regional airport in or close to the park ($200 AUD) – I have flown to/from these airports several times.
    • Hoedspruit (HDS) – ~1 hour west of central Kruger.
    • Kruger Mpumalanga International (MQP) near Mbombela – ~30-60 minutes to southern gates.
    • Skukuza (SZK) – inside the park (central/southern), adjacent to the main rest camp.
  • Pick up a rental car at the airport and drive (~5 hours). The drive does not pass through any urban areas of Johannesburg, mostly highway. We did this in 2022 & most recently in 2025 – drive during the day & take the N4 (note: toll road, card payment accepted).
    • Rental cars are often cheaper to rent directly from the local South African site, rather than your country's site.
    • South Africa drives on the left side of the road and no international driving licence is required if your licence is in English.
    • In wetter months, the grass is often higher, so a bit of clearance (e.g. a Toyota RAV4) can be helpful to 'see over' the grass into the bush for wildlife – that said, any car is fine for the park.
    • You can refuel your car at petrol stations in the park, but keep an eye on your range. You can stay in your car as they'll fill up your car, wash your windows and bring the card terminal to the window. Give a tip (e.g. R10-R20) in cash if you can!
  • There's a bus as well – but the above two options are better and more flexible.

How the park works

  • Roads: Extensive tar (H-roads) and graded gravel (S-roads). 2WD is fine. No off-roading.
  • Speeds: 50 km/h on tar, 40 km/h on gravel. Plan on 25-30 km/h average – you’ll stop a lot.
  • Camps: Fenced; gates lock from sunset to sunrise. Bigger camps have fuel, shops, restaurants.
  • Gate times: Vary by month; check SANParks and plan conservatively – fines for late arrivals.
  • Rules: Stay in your vehicle unless at designated spots. No drones. Give animals space – read the info in the gate brochure on elephants!
  • Navigation: Buy the park map in camp; mobile signal is patchy – so download offline maps.

Visiting the park

  • The park has a daily entrance/conservation fee, however as an alternative you can purchase a one year Wild Card for unlimited entry. It is often more economical to purchase a Wild Card when you're visiting the park for more than 6 or so days.
  • The park is managed by South African National Parks (SANParks) and you can easily book & manage all activities, accommodation and trails online. Bookings generally open eleven months prior and it's worth ensuring you can book the combination of activities & accommodation you want prior to locking in any other travel (e.g. international flights).
  • Rest Camps – There are numerous rest camps within the park. These are fenced camps with accommodation, a general store (food/liquor/essentials/souvenirs), a restaurant and a variety of facilities such as fuel stations, pools and more (depending on the size of the camp). The cottages/bungalows are reasonably basic but have everything you need – if you can, try to get one on the riverfront so you can watch the wildlife from your porch!
  • Wilderness Trails – Wilderness trails are one of my favourite ways to see the park. There are seven wilderness trails within the park, departing every Wednesdays and Sundays. In a group of 2-8, you'll join two trail rangers and be driven to a camp and stay for three nights, staying in a comfortable hut with toilet/shower facilities in camp. There's also a camp cook who will cook and provide all meals around the fire. On Days 2 and 3, you'll wake early for a morning walk in the bush – single file, quiet and behind the two armed trail rangers – and track wildlife on foot and learn about the natural landscape. After a siesta, in the afternoon you'll do a shorter walk to a scenic sundowner spot (bring your G&Ts) to watch the iconic African sunset that's impossible to capture in a photo. We've done five of these walks and it's a really unique way to see the park and its wildlife! For the more adventurous, you can even do a Backpacking Trail – carrying everything on your back and setting up camp as you go!

Around the park

There is plenty to do around Kruger National Park – from fantastic scenery, great towns and some of the most amazing private safari reserves in South Africa!

  • Greater Kruger National Park – To the west of Kruger National Park is a series of private game reserves which collectively extend the area of the park as most (not all) have dropped their fences between each other and Kruger National Park. These reserves (e.g. Sabi Sand, Timbavati and more) have a wide selection of private lodges which is a fantastic experience! Prices vary widely, but most will include all meals and two game drives or activities per day.
  • Hoedspruit – Hoedspruit is a great town and it's worth staying there for a day or two if you have the time. There are a few large supermarkets, perfect for stocking up for the park (e.g. Pick n Pay), great cafes (Anne's Cotton Club Cafe is a must) and heaps of restaurants including the famous Hat and Creek on the main road. You can also visit Moholoholo Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre & the Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre which are both worth a visit!
  • Panorama Route – A stunning day trip from Hoedspruit along the Drakensberg escarpment between Sabie, Graskop and Blyde River Canyon. Highlights include Three Rondavels and Lowveld View over Blyde River Canyon, Bourke’s Luck Potholes, God’s Window and the Pinnacle, plus Lisbon and Berlin Falls (add Graskop Gorge Lift if you’ve got time). Roads are tarred and 2WD-friendly and most stops have small entrance/parking fees (cards usually fine).

Tips

  • Grab a physical/book map from one of the Park Shops at any of the rest camps – they're better than the maps on your phone, but I still recommend downloading offline maps.
  • Bring binoculars! They're essential to making your experience more enjoyable. I'd recommend an 8x42 or 10x42 as a good start.
  • Embrace the birds! There's so much more to Kruger than just the Big Five – I'd recommend downloading Kruger Birding by Firefinch to explore and ID birds on the go, and it has great offline general information and maps for the park.
  • Malaria is present in the park and is more prevalent between November and April. Seek medical advice on whether you should take malaria prophylactic drugs (there are side effects) and use repellent and long clothing, particularly at dawn and dusk.
  • For first-time visitors, I'd recommend spending your time south of the Olifants River for a high density of animals, shorter driving distances and a broader variety of landscapes.
  • For the best wildlife sightings, you'll usually be up before sunrise and spend the morning looking for wildlife in the park. The middle of the day is usually quiet – so it's the best time to get some rest, eat and relax, before heading out again in the mid-late afternoon for pre-sunset sightings. Whatever you do – don't forget about the gate closing times!

The Atlassian ACP-420 is an Atlassian Certified Professional certification for Managing Jira Service Projects for Cloud. I recently spent a few weeks preparing for the exam and officially passed today!

Here’s some tips for preparing for the exam

Hands on Experience

The Managing Jira Service Projects for Cloud certification exam is for Jira service project admins with at least one year of experience.

This exam would be incredibly difficult if I didn’t have hands-on experience configuring and troubleshooting JSM projects – so beyond any study, ensure you have plenty of administrative experience with JSM.


Sample Questions

The sample questions are very close in formatting and style to the actual questions in the exam – so do these questions multiple times and read the answer notes for all options.


Study, study, study!

Atlassian has a lot of resources to help prepare for you for the exam and I read all study resources and wrote my own notes to help me learn. They include:


Focus on Exam Topics

Ensure you balance your study focus on what’s covered in the exam – for example, project configuration is 32% (!!) of all questions – so ensure you have a strong understanding of this topic.

  • Working with service projects and issues – 10%
  • Managing access and permissions – 14%
  • Project configuration – 32%
  • Notifications – 6%
  • Knowledge management – 9%
  • Reporting – 12%
  • Customer portal – 4%
  • Automation and integrations – 13%

Use AI

This was the first exam that I’ve used AI to help me prepare for the exam. It was an engaging way to study after I had worked through the exam preparation content.

  • Ask AI to generate complex, scenario-based, multiple-choice questions based on the exam topics in the ACP-420 Certification
  • Ask AI to use the Socratic method to help dive deeper into my understanding on specific topics.
  • Use NotebookLM to generate podcasts about certain topics or content you can listen to on-the-go.

It’s worth of course noting that AI isn’t always accurate or correct, so be aware!

There’s still plenty of room for improvement in video streaming apps.

Skip Intro

This rarely means Skip Intro; in most cases it seems it could be instead renamed Skip Intro (but keep the important people).

Next Episode

If I’ve stopped watching an episode as soon as the credits start, next time take me to the next episode, not the last 64 seconds of credits of the previous episode.

I’ve been looking for a standing desk for sometime … but there are so many options!

Here’s what I learnt …

  • The majority of desks out there use motorised frames by Jiacang. They’re not bad frames – but essentially most of the desks out there are the same desk – with a different desk top and brand.
  • There’s three ways standing desks are sold – the ‘cheap’ ones sold at online stores (e.g. Amazon / eBay), the direct to consumer brands (e.g. Desky, UpDown, Omnidesk, etc) and the commercial furniture hard to order style.
  • The ‘gold standard’ of motorised frames is Linak; a Danish linear actuator manufacturing company.
  • There are a lot of options for desktops – melamine / laminate / bamboo is cheap(er) but likely won’t last as long; hardwoods are the better long-term option.
  • Look out for the warranty – some are as low as one year; others right up to 10 years!

I ended up deciding I wanted a desk that used a Linak motorised frame as it has a good reputation & warranty + there’s a whole ecosystem of apps / programs / etc to control the height.

Ok … so what options are there? (in Australia)

  • IKEA Idåsen – sneaky IKEA actually uses a Linak system for this desk, but the frame’s design I feel will date pretty quickly; especially with its beige legs.
  • UpDown Klik Desk – UpDown Desk now have a new range that use a Linak system (DF2 to be precise)
  • There’s a few more niche options that start to fall into the ‘hard to order’ category.

I ended up getting the UpDown Klik Desk with an Acacia desktop. Some initial thoughts

  • The desk frame OOZES quality – it’s heavy and solid.
  • Fairly easy to assemble and (mostly) tool-less; just a few screws into the desktop.
  • The quality of the desktop is great too – it looks fantastic and has a super smooth finish.
  • Delivery was straight-forward and they’ve taken a lot of care to package it so that nothing gets damaged.
  • It’s certainly not the cheapest standing desk out there, but it feels like pretty good value (I did buy it on sale).

For over 10 years I've only travelled with carry on luggage. Whether it’s a family weekend away or weeks/months overseas, travelling light is not only possible, but I believe a better way to travel.

Many people around the world now travel with just carry-on luggage, but many people I speak to don’t know how to get started. I’ll share my approach to travelling light – it won’t necessarily work for you, but hopefully give you a few ideas to get started.

There's also plenty of great advice on the onebag subreddit – it's likely your question has already been asked.

Why Travel Light?

  • Airfares can be cheaper, particularly on low-cost airlines.

  • Air travel even quicker – no dropping off or waiting to collect bags, making it easier + faster to make connecting flights. I’ve definitely had at least 2 flights I haven’t missed as I didn’t need to collect any bags.

  • Take a bus, train or whatever! With no large bags it’s easy to travel between the airport and your accomodation.

  • It just feels great to travel with just a single backpack!

Why Wouldn’t You Travel Light?

  • It can be tricky if you’re packing for multiple occasions – such as camping & wedding in the same trip.

  • Your wardrobe is likely going to have less variety than your regular day to day.

  • You have to regularly do your own washing or use a laundromat.

  • There's barely any space or weight to bring back souvenirs or purchases – I view this as a positive!

  • Some items you can't bring onto the plane such as trekking poles, large liquids, etc.

The Bag

This is one of the most important decisions you’ll be making! It doesn’t really matter if you go backpack or suitcase (I’m firmly in camp backpack), but you do need to consider a few things.

Personally, I use the Patagonia Mini MLC 30L backpack – it’s versatile enough that I can use it for all my travel as well as day-to-day.

  • Size – Don’t risk going over your airline’s carry-on sizing restrictions (especially with a hard case) – look them up and ensure it fits! If you regularly fly budget airlines such as Ryanair or EasyJet, their carry-on dimensions are often smaller than regular airlines. You'll be looking for a bag that's 30-40L and I’d recommend starting closer to 40L when you’re starting out.

  • Weight – Every gram matters so pay important attention to the bag’s weight – ideally under 1.5kg.

  • Opening – Look for bags that have a large 'clamshell' opening or similar – this will allow you to easily pack, organise and see everything in your bag.

  • Water Resistance – Consider if you really need a waterproof bag – often this comes at the expense of weight and other features.

  • Laptop Compartment – Any bag should have a space to store a laptop so it can be used for business travel or as a work bag. Whatever you decide, ensure the laptop does not 'hit the ground' and has a false bottom.

  • Water Bottle Pocket – Maybe you won't use it, but you'll be thankful when you do!

  • Hip Straps – These are useful if you plan on carrying your bag for extended periods of time.

Alongside my main backpack, I carry a cross-body sling (Bellroy Lite Sling 7L) that carries most of my technology items + passport + travel documents. It carries everything I need for the flight, so I can put my backpack in the overhead cabin space and not need to get anything from it during a flight.

Clothing

If you're committed to travelling carry-on only, it's best to not look for 'travel clothing', but rather ensure the clothing you purchase moving forward is both versatile and light – ready for travel!

  • Tops – there's a lot of talk online about merino for travel clothing – it's great, but it's also a bit expensive and can have a weird drape. For t-shirts, buy whatever works best for you and consider merino for a button-up or long-sleeve shirt / base layer. Choose colours that can be layered with anything else you have.

  • Jackets / Warmth – Avoid heavy & chunky parkas and look for lightweight layers. Down or similar synthetic options are great for warmth as they are compressible and light.

  • Bottoms – Jeans are heavy and take forever to dry – so might not be the best option for travel! Look for fast-drying and breathable pants that are multi-purpose – e.g. pants you can wear around town, but also ready for an outdoor hike. If you're taking shorts, look for shorts that can double as board shorts if you're going to have a swim!

  • Socks / Underwear – This is a personal choice – but again consider the weight and time-to-dry! Darn Tough merino socks are the real deal and amazing for travel!

  • Rainwear – Assume it will rain at some point! There are some great lightweight rain jackets (~350grams) around as well as lightweight rain umbrellas (such as the range by Montbell).

For a recent six week trip to the US & Guatemala, I took the following clothing. I was expecting temperatures between 0°C and 40°C, so I was able to layer up and down easily.

  • 3 x cotton T-shirts (various)

  • 1 x long sleeve T-shirt (Patagonia Capilene)

  • 1 x long sleeve hooded wind shirt (these are great for hiking when it’s sunny!)

  • 1 x merino long sleeve button up shirt (Icebreaker)

  • 1 x shorts (also act as board-shorts, Patagonia Terrebonne)

  • 1 x long khaki pants (Patagonia Quandary)

  • 1 x long black pants (Uniqlo Commission)

  • 1 x grid fleece jacket (Montane Protium XT)

  • 1 x down hoodie (Patagonia Down Sweater Hoody)

  • 1 x rain pants (Macpac Nazomi)

  • 1 x rain jacket (REI w/ GORE-TEX Active)

The total weight of the above is just over 3kg – and of course I’d try to wear the heaviest items on the plane.

Footwear

Footwear is heavy, takes up heaps of space in bags and is one of the hardest items to pack! – so do your very best to take as few pairs of shoes as possible!

  • One Pair of Shoes – I did a LOT of research into finding the best shoes and for me it was the Lems Primal Pursuit in Black. They're black (versatile), look like normal sneakers, but also have a hiking tread so I can also hike in them! Of course, there's plenty of other options – start with looking at black trail runners, they are a good option!

  • Thongs / Flip Flops – great for wandering around the hotel / pool / camp-site + work as a backup pair of footwear! Some other great options are the Birkenstock Arizona EVAs (versatile + stylish) or lightweight hiking sandals for trips with a lot of hiking.

Toiletries

Most international flights will require all liquids to be in a single zip-lock bag and under 100mL.

  • Travel Sized – Generally large supermarkets have a wide range of 'travel-sized' toiletries + in most cases you can top up overseas if you need! There's lots of great options in refillable containers that you can use to create your own travel-sized toiletry items.

  • Consider Weight – Toiletries can quickly add up in weight! I use just the head of an electric toothbrush for my toothbrush – it's small and light!

Technology

Technology is one area that can quickly add weight to your overall carry-on weight.

  • Charging – USB-C is the future – ensure as many of your devices as possible can be charged using USB-C. I use a small multi-port GaN USB-C charger (100W) with international adapters so I can charge my laptop, phone, eReader + anything else! I carry a long 2-3m USB-C cable (great for when the hotel power outlet is in a less than ideal location) and 2 very short 10cm cables. Wireless charging is fine, but I prefer the benefits of fast charging via cable on trips.

  • Headphones – Over-Ear Headphones are too big and heavy for me. AirPods (or similar), combined with a Bluetooth Transmitter for the plane (such as the Airfly Pro) is the perfect combination for me. Sure – the battery doesn’t last the whole flight, but I just do a quick charge and watch with subtitles only when eating.

  • Camera – It can be tempting to take your camera & photography equipment – but be warned, this takes up a lot of space and weight! Personally, I just take my iPhone 15 Pro Max (5x zoom is great!) and if I really need an extended zoom, I take a small point and shoot with a 30x lens.

  • iPad / Laptop / eReader – For personal trips, I just take my iPad Mini and leave the laptop at home. It's great for watching movies/TV on the plane, storing some travel documents and a backup device if your phone is stolen or lost. I also travel with a Kobo eReader (built-in light) which is great for passing time in airports or in the evening.

Security

It's important to think about the security of your items and what would happen if some of your gear gets stolen or lost.

  • Split Payment Methods – It's best to split your payment methods (cash, cards) across your bags and person. Generally, I'd have one card + cash in my wallet, backup cards and/or cash in both bags and an emergency card or cash in the bottom of my shoe or a pocket.

  • Identification – Bring photocopies of your passport and backup passport photos with you and ensure each bag has one!

  • Passwords & Devices – REALLY think through the scenario if your phone / all of your devices were stolen – do you know the password to your email account? Do you need any 2FA or OTP codes? Another smart option is to bring a spare phone and keep it separated from your regular phone whenever possible.

  • Printed Itinerary – This is worth doing for two reasons. Firstly, it’s going to be a lifesaver if you lose your devices / digital access to your itinerary & bookings. Secondly, it’s a lot easier when you’re getting quizzed at immigration where and when you’re going.

  • AirTags – Put an AirTag (or similar device) in every bag – especially wherever your passport is.

Other Tips & Tricks

  • ABC – Always Be Charging – This is a good rule as you'll never know when you'll next have power – if you have an opportunity to charge your device – on the plane, in the airport, at the hotel – charge it!

  • ABW – Always Be Washing – Laundry is a fact of onebag life! I take small laundry soap leaves and do my washing in the sink each night and hang it up to dry (this is why you should be looking for clothing that's quick-dry!). Obviously if a laundromat is an option, that's a great option.

  • Towels – Generally I book hotels / hostels that provide towels, but if you really need a towel, these Lightload towels are the real deal! Just 17g for regular size!

  • Stuff-able Shopping Bag – Tiny, stuffable shopping bags or mini day packs are a great idea to pack into your bag. Good for supermarket shopping whilst you're away, or a quick and easy way to bring a few extra things back on the way home.

  • Rolling & Packing Cells – Packing cells are a great way of organising your bag so you can quickly pack and unpack your bag. There's lots of ways to store your clothes, but I've found rolling your clothing is fast and takes up very little space. Remember the weight creep – even packing cells can contribute to your bag’s weight.

  • Point-It – This is a fantastic little book for when you're travelling to another country and you don't know the language. Yes I know we have Google Translate and what not now, but pictures are timeless and might just get you out of trouble one day.

That’s all there is! I’ve refined my approach to travelling light a lot over the past ten years, so I’d encourage you to just give it a go and see how it works or doesn’t work for you. Enjoy your travels.

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